Selasa, 31 Januari 2012

Islam in Andalusia

Islam in Andalusia
Before the arrival of the Muslims, is an empire Hispania Iberian region dominated by the Christian Visigoths. In the year 711 AD, the Umayyad troops mostly Moors of Northwest Africa, invaded Hispania Tariq ibn Ziyad led by generals, and under the orders of the Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus.
These troops landed at Gibraltar on April 30, and continue heading north. After defeating King Roderic of the Visigoths at the Battle of Guadalete (711 M), the rule of Islam continues to grow until the year 719 AD Only the Galician, Basque and Asturias are not subject to Islamic rule. After that, the Muslims crossed the Pyrenees to conquer France, but was stopped by the Franks in the battle of Tours (732 AD). Umayyad Muslim-dominated area is called the province of Al-Andalus, consisting of Spain, Portugal and southern France called now.
A. Political Developments
At first, Al-Andalus is controlled by a trustee Yusuf al-Fihri (governor) appointed by the Caliph in Damascus, with the usual three-year term. But in 740an AD, there was a civil war that led to the weakening power of the Caliph. And in the year 746 AD, Yusuf al-Fihri won the civil war, became a ruler who is not tied to the government in Damascus.
In the year 750 AD, the sons of the Abbasid overthrow the Umayyad in Damascus, and seized control of the regions of Arabia. But in the year 756 AD, Abdurrahman I (Ad-Dakhil) depose Yusuf al-Fihri, and became ruler of Cordova with the title of Amir of Cordoba. Rahman refused to submit to the newly formed Abbasid caliphate, as Abbasid forces had killed most of his family.
He reigned for 30 years, but has a weak power in Al-Andalus and he tried to suppress the resistance from supporters of Al-Fihri and the Abbasid caliphate.
Over the next half century, his descendants succeeded him as Amir of Cordoba, who has written authority over the entire Al-Andalus, sometimes even covering the western part of North Africa. In fact, the power of Emir of Cordoba, especially in the area adjacent to the Christians, often rise and fall of political experience, it depends on the skill of the ruling Amir. Amir Abdullah bin Muhammad even just to have power over Cordova only.
Abdullah's grandson, Abdur-Rahman III, succeeded him in the year 912 AD, and to quickly restore the Umayyads of al-Andalus and North Africa and even the west. In the year 929 AD he raised himself as the Caliph, so keamiran now have a position equivalent to the Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad and the Shiite caliphate in Tunis.
B. The caliphate
Andalusia - Spain occupied by Muslims at the time of Caliph Al-Walid rahimahullah (705-715 AD), one of the Umayyad caliphate based in Damascus, where the Muslims had previously been mengusasi North Africa. In the process of the conquest of Spain there are three heroes of Islam that can be said to be the most meritorious of Tharif ibn Malik, Tariq ibn Ziyad and Musa ibn Nushair Rahimahullahum ajma'in.
Tharif can be called a pioneer and investigator. He crossed the strait that lies between Morocco and the European continent with a single army, five hundred of whom were horsemen, they boarded four ships provided by Julian.
In the raid Tharif not get meaningful resistance. He won and returned to North Africa brought the spoils that are not few in number. Encouraged by the success Tharif and chaos that occurs in the body of the ruling Visigothic kingdom in Spain at the time, as well as a great encouragement to gain the spoils of war, Moses ibn Nushair in the year 711 AD sent troops to Spain as many as 7000 people under the leadership of Tariq ibn Ziyad rahimahullah.
Tariq ibn Ziyad rahimahullah more widely known as the conqueror of Spain when they were larger and more tangible results. His force consisted of most of the barbarian tribes that are supported by Musa ibn Nushair rahimahullah and some Arabs who sent the Caliph al-Walid rahimahullah. It then crossed the Strait of troops under the leadership of Tariq ibn Ziyad rahimahullah. A mountain of Tariq and his men first landed and set up his army, known by the name of Gibraltar (Jabal Tariq).
With mastered this area, then opened the door widely to enter Spain. In the battle at a place called Bakkah, King Roderick can be defeated. From there rahimahullah Tariq and his army continued to conquer the important cities, such as Cordova, Granada and Toledo (capital of Gothic empire at that time). Before Tariq rahimahullah managed to conquer the city of Toledo, he asked for additional troops to Musa ibn Nushair rahimahullah in North Africa. Moses sent additional troops of 5000 personnel, so the number of troops entirely Tariq 12,000 people. This amount is not comparable to the Gothic army much larger, 100,000 people.
The first victory of Tariq ibn Ziyad is achieved by rahimahullah make way for the conquest of the region more broadly. To that end, Moses ibn Nushair rahimahullah feel the need to involve themselves in the battle arena with the intention of helping the struggle Tariq. With a great army, he set off across the strait, and passed one by one city that can be conquered. After Moses conquered rahimahullah Sidonia, Karmona, Seville, and Merida as well as defeating the ruling royal Gothic, Theodomir in Orihuela, she was joined by Tariq at Toledo. Furthermore, they managed to control all important cities in Spain, including its northern part, from Saragossa to Navarre.
The next wave of territorial expansion came during the reign of Caliph Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz rahimahullah year 99 H/717 AD This time the target is intended to control the area around the mountain Pyrenia and Southern France. Entrusted to the chief of Al-Samah rahimahullah, but his efforts failed and he himself was killed in the year 102 H. Furthermore, the chief handed over to Abdullah ibn Abd al-Ghafiqi rahimahullah. With his troops, he attacked the city Bordreu, Poiter, and from here he tried to attack the city of Tours. However, between the city of Tours Poiter and that she was detained by Charles Martel, so that the invasion of France failed and the troops he led retreat back to Spain.
After that, there are still attacks, such as the Avirignon year 734 AD, to Lyons in 743 AD, and the islands located in the Mediterranean, Majorca, Corsia, Sardinia, Creta, Rhodes, Cyprus and parts of Sicily also fell into the hands of Bani Umayyad Islamic era. The second wave of the largest invasion of the Muslims which motion starts at the beginning of the 8th century AD, has been reaching out to all of Spain and extends far reaches of Central France and the important parts of Italy. The victories achieved Muslims look so easy. It can not be separated from the external and internal factors are favorable.
What is meant by an external factor is a condition contained in his own country Spain. During the Spanish conquest by the Muslims, the social, political, and economic development of this country are in a sorry state. Politically, the Spanish region torn apart and divided into several small countries. Along with the Gothic rulers being intolerant of religious sects that embraced by the authorities, namely the flow of Monophysites, especially against other faiths, Judaism. Adherents of Judaism which is the largest part of the population of Spain was forced to be baptized according to the Christian religion. Are not willing to be tortured, and brutally murdered.
People were divided into the class system, so the situation overwhelmed by poverty, oppression, and lack of equal rights. In a situation like that, the liberator of the oppressed awaiting the arrival of interpreters, and interpreters pembebasnya they found the people of Islam. With regard to the Amer Ali, as quoted by Imamuddin said, when Africa (East and West) enjoy the convenience in terms of material, togetherness, justice, and welfare, neighbors in the peninsula of Spain is in a sad state under the rule of iron fist ruler Visighotic. On the other hand, the kingdom is in turmoil, which inflicts the suffering of the people. As a result of cruel treatment, the colonies became an important Jewish places of resistance and rebellion. Divisions within the country Spanish is a lot of help to the success of the intervention of Islam in the year 711 AD The split was very much coraknya, and existed long before the Gothic kingdom stand.
Economic circumstances exacerbate the political divisions of society. When Islam came to Spain, the economic society in a state of paralysis. In fact, when Spain was still under Roman rule (Byzantine), thanks to the fertility of the soil, agriculture developed rapidly. Similarly, mining, industry and commerce as it is supported by good transport facilities. However, after the Spanish under the authority of the kingdom of the Goths, crippled the economy and public welfare decreases. Hektaran left stranded with no uncultivated land, some factories closed, and between one region and other regions hardest-hit due to the roads do not receive treatment.
Poor social conditions, economic, and religious was mainly caused by the chaotic political situation. The worst conditions occurred in the reign of King Roderick, the last King of the Goths who defeated Islam. Early destruction of the kingdom when King Roderick Ghoth is moving its capital from Seville to Toledo, while Witiza, who was a ruler of the territory of Toledo, was dismissed just like that. This situation provoked anger from Oppas and Achila, brother and son Witiza. Both then rose gather strength to overthrow Roderick. They went to North Africa and joined with the Muslims.
Meanwhile there is also conflict between the Queen of Julian Roderick, a former ruler of Septah. Julian also joined with the Muslims in North Africa and support the efforts of Muslims to master Spanish, Julian even lend four ships used by Tharif, Tariq and Musa Rahimahumullah.
This benefit is that the Muslim army consisting of soldiers Roderick oppressed slaves no longer have the spirit of war Moreover, the Jews who had been depressed also held a fellowship and provide assistance for the struggle of the Muslims.
As is the internal factor is a condition contained in the ruling body, tokon figures of warriors and soldiers of Islam who are involved in the conquest of Spain in particular. The leaders are powerful figures, army compact, united, and confident. They were capable, brave, and steadfast in the face of every issue. Equally important are the teachings of Islam that indicated the soldiers of Islam, namely tolerance, fraternity and mutual help. The attitude of religious tolerance and brotherhood contained in the person of the Muslims that led to the Spanish population welcomed the presence of Islam there.
C. Development of Civilization
Muslims in Spain has achieved a resounding victory, they gained many achievements, even his influence to bring Europe and the world to advance a more complex, especially in terms of intellectual progress.
In a period of more than seven centuries of Muslim rule in Spain, Muslims have achieved glory there. Many of the achievements they gained, and even bring European influence, and then bring the world to a more complex progress.
Progress Intellectual
Spain is a fertile country. Fertility is high economic income generation and in turn generate a lot of thinkers.
Spanish society of Islam is a pluralistic society consisting of:
- Arab communities (North and South)
- Al-Muwalladun (Spaniards who converted to Islam)
- Barbarian (Muslims from North Africa)
- Al-Shaqalibah (German mercenaries who sold to the ruler of Islam)
- Jewish
- Christian Arabs cultured Muzareb
- Christians who still oppose the presence of Islam
All communities, except the last, giving shares to the formation of intellectual Andalus cultural environment that gave birth to the Resurrection Scientific, literary, and physical development in Andalusia - Spain.
1. Philosophy
Islam in Spain has recorded a very brilliant piece of cultural history in the expanse of Islam. He serves as bridge crossings through which the Greco-Arab science into Europe in the 12th century. Interest in philosophy and science were developed in the 9th century AD during the reign of the Umayyad ruler of the 5th, Abdurrahman ibn Muhammad (832-886 AD).
On the initiative of al-Hakam (961-976 AD), the works of scientific and philosophical imported from the East in large numbers, so that Cordova with university libraries and universities are able to rival Baghdad as a major center of science in the Islamic world. What is done by the leaders of the Umayyad dynasty in Spain is a preparation for the birth of great philosophers in the period thereafter.
The final part of the 12th century AD saw the rise of a follower of Aristotle the largest in the arena of philosophy in Islam, Ibn Rushd of Cordova. He was born in 1126 AD and died in 1198 AD His trademark is the accuracy in interpreting the texts of Aristotle and prudence in wrestle chronic problems of philosophy and religious harmony. He is also expert with his work Bidayah fiqh al-Mujtahid.
2. Science
IImu-medical science, music, mathematics, astronomy, chemistry and others are also developing well. Abbas ibn Famas famous in chemistry and astronomy. He was first to discover the manufacture of glass from stone. Ibrahim ibn Yahya al-Naqqash well known in the science of astronomy. He can determine the timing of the eclipses of the sun and determine how long. He also managed to create a modern binoculars that can determine the distance between the solar system and stars. Ahmad ibn Ibas of Cordova is an expert in the field of medicine. Umm al-Hasan bint Abi Ja'far and al-Hafidz sister were two medical experts from among women.
In the field of history and geography, western Muslim region produced many famous thinkers, Ibn Jubair of Valencia (1145-1228 AD) wrote about the Muslim countries of the Mediterranean and Sicily and Ibn Batuthah of Tangier (1304-1377 AD) to reach the Indian and Chinese Pasai . Ibn al-Khatib (1317-1374 AD) compile a history of Granada, while Ibn Khaldun of Tunis is the formulator of the philosophy of history. All of the above historian residing in Spain, which then moved to Africa. That's some big names in science.
3. Fiqh
In the field of fiqh, Islamic Spain adherents are known as the Maliki school. Who introduced this school there is Ziad ibn Abdur-Rahman. Further development is determined by the Qadi Ibn Yahya during Abdurrahman Ibn Hisham. Fiqh other experts whom was Abu Bakr ibn al-Quthiyah, Munzir Ibn al-Sa'id Ibn Hazm Baluthi and famous.
4. Music and Art
In the field of music and sound, Islamic Spain reached brilliance with the character of al-Hasan Ibn Nafi that dijiluki Zaryab. Each time-hosted meetings and banquets, Zaryab always demonstrate his skill. He is also famous as a composer of songs. Dimiliknya science that was lowered to their children both male and female, and also to the slaves, so that his fame is widespread.
5. Language and Literature
Arabic has become the language of administration in the Islamic rule in Spain. It would be accepted by Muslims and non-Muslims. In fact, a native of Spain menomor emphasized their native language. They are also a lot of skilled and proficient in Arabic, both speaking and grammar skills. They include: Ibn Sayyidih, Aljiyah author Ibn Malik, Ibn Khuruf, Ibn al-Hajj, Abu Ali al-Isybili, Abu al-Hasan Ibn Usfur, and Abu Hayyan al-Ghamathi. Along with the progress of language, literary works appeared, such as Al-'Iqd Ibn al-Farid Abd Rabbih, al-Dzakhirahji Mahasin Ahl al-Jazirah Ibn Bassam, Kitab al-Qalaid the work of al-Fath ibn Khaqan, and many others.

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